Influence of Phonological Memory on ESL Learners Essay...

Migration has been a constant factor in England, especially since the late 20th Century, there are about 13.5% of primary school populations distinguished as learners of English as an additional language (National Statistics, 2007). Many researchers have studied the association between working memory capacity and reading, on English as a Second Language (ESL) learners through the measures designed by Daneman and Carpenter (1980, Cited in Alptekin and Ercetin, 2009). Lesaux and Siegel (2003) stated that there is an ongoing developmental processing with reading skills, especially in English, which is heavily relied upon phonological processing as it is assumed that this cognitive process play a significant role on a child’s reading skills.†¦show more content†¦Method Participants This study will require almost 40 children, aged 6, to participate. The reason for this is many children at this age they are on the ongoing process of learning and are on the verge to still develop their English vocabulary as well as the capacity to hold large amounts of vocabulary. Participants will be put into two groups, those who have English as a second language and those that have English as their native language. It is essential to have 20 participants in each group to avoid any biases. Design The research is a correlational design which consists of an independent measures design because the participants are only taking part in one condition. This is a longitudinal study which will take the course of one year to assess the working memory on children who have English as a second language. Children will be chosen through opportunity sampling because they will be available at the time of research. There is one independent variable; whether the child has English as a second language or not. This is measures against the dependant variable; their vocabulary scores. The participants working memory scores memory scores are also taken into consideration to find a relation. Materials The participants will be given The Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C) devised by Gathercole and Pickering (2001). This test consists of four tasks which includeShow MoreRelatedTeaching Pronunciation to Esl Adult Learners2987 Words   |  12 Pages UNSL- Ciclo de Licenciatura en Lengua Inglesa Review Paper Teaching pronunciation to ESL adult learners Abstract The acquisition of pronunciation proficiency may be one of the most intricate areas for ESL adult learners. For years it has been argued that adults have great difficulty in learning a second language, especially its phonological aspects. This paper aims at reviewing the theory regarding second language learning and at finding evidence in previous research that adults are capable ofRead MoreThe Factors That Affect The Learning Process Of L2 Words945 Words   |  4 Pages(2007) findings, which disputed the impact of cognateness on L2 word learning. The first study was carried out by Willis Ohashi (2012) to investigate the factors that affect the learning process of L2 words. The participants were 69 Japanese ESL learners studying in different departments of Tokyo University for females: Linguistics, Communication, Science, Mathematics and Psychology. They studied English for a long period, 7 years or more. The subjects were given a multiple-choice test in orderRead MoreA Research St udy On Linguistics7646 Words   |  31 Pagesto Chomsky, Linguistic capability is the dialect framework that empowers various individuals to decipher and translate syntactic and ungrammatical sentences in their dialect. It additionally says that discourse mistakes don t have a tendency to influence them. It is frequently said that being in a reference gathering builds up the attitude to respond to an arrangement of frameworks. In any case, to comprehend a procedure more profound, one needs to receive an individualistic methodology. The sameRead MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 PagesSUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LITERACY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Key Issues and Promising Practices Diane August August Associates Report No. 61 February 2003 This report was published by the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR), a national research and development center supported by a grant (No. R-117-D40005) from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education. The content or opinions expressedRead MoreReading Skills2953 Words   |  12 Pagesbreakdown in reading skill. Decoding Decoding means understanding the sounds associated with letter symbols and being able to put them together. A good reading program teaching decoding skills will include phonological awareness activities, blending sounds and segmenting sounds. Phonological awareness is the understanding that words are made up of individual letter/sound combinations. Blending is being able to put those sounds together to read a word. Segmenting is being able to separate a wordRead MoreLanguage Learning Methods Of Listening3137 Words   |  13 Pagesactive role in cognitivism and metacognitivism. Introduction Listening is one of the main skills of language learning. Knowing principles of listening comprehension can help language learners improve their process of language learning. According to Howatt and Dakin (cited in Guo and Wills, 1999), listening is the ability to identify and understand what others are saying. According to Bulletin (1952), listening is the fundamental language

The Movie Crash Essay - 1122 Words

The movie â€Å"Crash† illustrates the reality of the society in which we live. Race, stereotypes, oppression, and marginalization played a major part in the reaction of the individuals in the movie, as it still exists today. Many will say that times have changed and things have become better since the days of slavery, but I cannot agree that this statement is true. This learner was yet young during this era; however, my ancestors endured much agony and pain for no particular reason. Today, minorities continue to deal with misinterpretation of the character without the opportunity to prove who they are individually; regardless, this reader can identify with some of the stereotypes that minorities have been subjected to over the years. For example, Mrs. Cabot, the district attorney’s wife didn’t trust the Mexican locksmith because of his appearance. Mrs. Cabot assumed that Daniel, the locksmith was a thug since his head was shaved, tattoos, and pants sagging, referring to him as Amigo. Because of her cultural stereotype she asked her husband to have the door locks changed because she felt he would give the keys to guys on the street to come back and rob them. Mrs. Cabot used Daniel as her scapegoat for her anger towards Anthony and Peter, who robbed her earlier that night. Earlier in the movie, Mrs. Cabot exemplified fear and stereotype of the men when she initially recognized them walking down the street. Anthony and Peter were appropriately dressed as collegeShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Crash 1178 Words   |  5 Pagesdirect result of one s culture. The movie Crash was a very fascinating movie. I never knew what was going to happen in the movie it portrays prejudice by one member of a group or culture against another member of a group or culture. Crash was like a melting pot of ethnicities, and they were all defined by racism. The movie reinforced those peoples’ assumptions about a person or group prevents them from seeing the true person, in addition to Crash being a movie about progressing. I, myself, haveRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesKC Libecki Professor Eisenberg SOC1101 The movie, Crash, demonstrates the lives of various individuals from divergent socio-economic classes, who have life changing experiences in between their conflicting prejudices and stereotypes. The theme of multiculturalism has also made its influence on the major characters of the movie: a white American district attorney and his wife who is constantly scared of the other; two African American thieves who steal their car, a racist police officer who offendsRead MoreThe Movie Crash 875 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie, Crash is a 3-time Academy Award Winner with an all-star cast consisting of Sandra Bullock, Matt Dillon, Don Cheadle and many others. 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Jones electrical free essay sample

After several years of rapid growth, in the spring of 2007 Jones Electrical Distribution anticipated a further substantial increase in sales. Despite good profits, the company had experienced a shortage of cash and had found it necessary to increase its borrowing from Metropolitan Bank—a local onebranch bank—to $250,000 in 2006. The maximum loan that Metropolitan would make to any one borrower was $250,000, and Jones had been able to stay within the limit only by relying very heavily on trade credit from the manufacturers from whom Jones purchased the electrical products it sold to its customers. Nelson Jones, sole owner and president of the company, was therefore looking elsewhere for a new banking relationship that would allow him to negotiate a larger loan. Jim Lyons, a homebuilder who was a friend of Jones, introduced Jones to Rachel Montrose, Lyons’s relationship officer at the local branch of Southern Bank Trust—a large, regional bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Jones electrical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Southern had a 7-year relationship with Lyons, including a current loan balance of over $3 million. Jones and Montrose tentatively discussed the possibility that Southern might extend a line of credit to Jones up to a maximum amount of $350,000. Jones thought that a loan of this size would more than meet his needs for at least the next year, and he was eager for the flexibility that a line of credit of this size would provide. After discussion, Montrose had arranged for the credit department of Southern Bank Trust to investigate Nelson Jones and his company. Background of Jones Electrical Distribution Jones Electrical Distribution was founded in 1999 as a partnership between Nelson Jones and his college roommate, Dave Verden. In 2003, Jones and Verden had a disagreement on how aggressively they should grow the business, and Jones ultimately bought Verden out for $250,000. They agreed that Jones would pay Verden the $250,000 in installments of $2,000 per month plus interest of 8% per year. The business sold electrical components and tools to general contractors and electricians. The products, which included items such as controllers, breakers, signal devices and fuses, were purchased from nearly 100 different suppliers. Jones’s customers used the products. Piper and writer Jeffrey DeVolder prepared this case solely as a basis for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management. The authors thank John A. Schweig of W. W. Grainger, Inc. (HBS MBA 1983), and Mary A. Noonan of Arrow Electronics (HBS MBA 1990), for their valuable contributions to the development of this case. This case, though based on real events, is fictionalized, and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. There are occasional references to actual companies in the narration. Copyright  © 2010 Harvard Business School Publishing. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business Publishing. Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use by Alexander Byun, from 1/9/2014 to 4/28/2014, in the course: FI 4020: Li Financial Analysis and Introduction to Loan Structuring (Spring 2014) WED, Georgia State University. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of this document is strictly prohibited. 4179 | Jones Electrical Distribution construction and repair of commercial and residential buildings. To a degree, Jones’s sales followed the seasonality of its customers’ businesses which had their highest activity during the spring and summer when weather was most conducive for construction work. The market in which Jones competed was large, fragmented, and highly competitive. Jones faced significant competition from national distributors, home centers, and other small supply houses. In spite of the competition, Jones had built up sales volume by successfully competing on price and employing an aggressive direct sales force who often visited customers at their job sites. In order to compete on price, Jones maintained tight control over operating expenses, including paying his salesforce primarily on commission and keeping overhead to a minimum. In addition, as part of his expense management effort, Jones had historically paid his suppliers within 10 days of the invoice date in order to take full advantage of the 2% discounts they offered for quick payments. Jones had also proved adept at demand forecasting and inventory management, allowing him to satisfy his customers’ demand with a modest amount of inventory relative to his larger competitors. Jones’s focus and dedication to his business allowed him to build it into a profitable operation. Jones Electrical Distribution had grown to $2.24 million in sales and $30,000 of net income in 2006. Operating statements for years 2004-2006 and for the three months ending March 31, 2007, are given in Exhibit 1. Financing the Business Through Southern Bank Trust To solve his financing need, Jones wanted to develop a relationship with a larger bank that would not run into issues with maximum loans to a single borrower as he had experienced with Metropolitan Bank. He wanted to build a relationship with a bank that could grow with him, including to more locations if he decided to add additional sites in the future. As part of its customary due diligence of Jones Electrical Distribution, the Southern Bank Trust’s credit department asked Jones’s friend Jim Lyons for a reference on Jones. Lyons’s reference included the following comments: â€Å"Nelson is a businessman of the highest integrity and sharp acumen who is a very hands-on manager of his operation. He has excellent knowledge of the products he sells and provides customers with excellent service. He also lives a modest lifestyle. † The bank also toured Jones Electrical Distribution’s warehouse and office and interviewed the area sales managers for three of the manufacturers from whom Jones bought the products he sold. The managers were unanimous in their favorable opinion of Jones. One of them said: â€Å"Nelson has been one of our best performing wholesalers. He really knows how to build relationships and close a sale. He has also been great with his expense management. The guy does not spend a dime unless he absolutely has to. We look forward to building a bigger relationship with him in the future. † In addition to the electrical distribution business, which was Jones’s only source of income, Jones held jointly with his wife an equity in their home. The house had cost $199,000 to build in 1999 and was mortgaged for $117,000. He also held a $250,000 life insurance policy, payable to his wife. Otherwise, they had no sizeable personal investments. Southern Bank Trust gave particular attention to the debt position and current ratio of the business. It noted the ready market for the company’s products at all times and the fact that sales prospects were favorable. The bank’s investigator reported: â€Å"Sales are expected to reach $2. 7 million by the end of 2007. † On the other hand, it was recognized that a general economic downturn might slow down the rate of increase in sales. Projections beyond 2007 were difficult to make, but the 2 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS PUBLISHING This document is authorized for use by Alexander Byun, from 1/9/2014 to 4/28/2014, in the course: FI 4020: Li Financial Analysis and Introduction to Loan Structuring (Spring 2014) WED, Georgia State University. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of this document is strictly prohibited. Jones Electrical Distribution | 4179 prospects appeared good for continued growth in the volume of Jones Electrical Distribution’s business over the foreseeable future. The bank also noted the rapid increase in Jones Electrical’s accounts payable and line of credit in the recent past. Jones Electrical’s main suppliers had terms of 30 days net and provided a 2% discount for payments made within 10 days of invoice date. These terms notwithstanding, the manufacturers did not object if payments lagged somewhat behind the due date. During the past six months, Jones had taken very few purchase discounts because of the shortage of funds arising from the additional investments in working capital associated with the company’s increased sales volume. Balance sheets at December 31, 2004-2006, and March 31, 2007, are presented in Exhibit 2. The tentative discussions between Rachel Montrose and Nelson Jones had been about a revolving, secured line of credit not to exceed $350,000. The specific details of the loan had not been worked out, but Montrose had explained the agreement would involve the standard covenants applying to such a loan. She cited as illustrative provisions the requirement that restrictions on additional borrowing would be imposed, that additional investments in fixed assets could be made only with prior approval of the bank, and that limitations would be placed on withdrawals of funds from the business by Jones. She also indicated that while the line of credit would have a limit of $350,000, Jones’s utilization of the line at any point in time would be limited to an amount equal to 75% of Accounts Receivable and 50% of Inventory. Interest would be set on a floating-rate basis at 1.5% percentage points above the prime rate (the rate paid by the bank’s most creditworthy customers). Montrose indicated that the initial rate to be paid would be about 7. 5% under conditions in effect in early 2007. Jones also understood that he would be required to sever his relationship with Metropolitan Bank if he entered into a loan agreement with Southern Bank Trust. The Future of Jones Electrical Distribution As he contemplated his next meeting with Montrose, Jones’s thoughts were dominated by the immediate need for more bank credit. However, he knew that the increasingly tense relationships with his suppliers and the seemingly unending need for more financing meant that he needed to be more deliberate about his future growth plans. To get started, he grabbed a blank piece of paper from his office printer and sketched out the options before him. He started with the pace of sales growth followed by his taking the 2% discounts—or not—which led into the financing implications of each alternative. See Exhibit 3 for the diagram of the alternatives as Jones saw them. Jones promised himself that he would not only close the new bank deal but he would then determine the right long-term growth path for the company he worked so hard to grow over the past seven years. HARVARD BUSINESS PUBLISHING | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use by Alexander Byun, from 1/9/2014 to 4/28/2014, in the course: FI 4020: Li Financial Analysis and Introduction to Loan Structuring (Spring 2014) WED, Georgia State University. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of this document is strictly prohibited.

Music Is Central To My Life. Without Music, The World Would Be Naked,

Music is central to my life. Without music, the world would be naked, cold, and quiet. Music can set the rhythm for a long day of work, the mood for a date, for a party, for your whole life. It can wrap you in a blanket of comfort when you are lonely, or inspire you when you are down. Music is a vehicle for expressing love, telling a story, or showing happiness. My love for music has grown immensely throughout the past few years and continues to grow without bounds. Playing musical instruments, such as the piano and guitar, has deepened my appreciation for the sounds I hear when I listen to music. From personal experience playing in concerts and writing my own songs, I have captured the views of both sides of music's artistic prism: creation and presentation. Creation, I have learned, can be a tremendously tedious task. It involves much more than perseverance and determination. Creating music requires the harmonious articulation of one's feelings and thoughts through instrumental or vocal sounds. There is no one who accomplishes the feat more cleverly than Beck. Beck Hansen, known as Beck, is a musical genius who performs an unparalleled, funky, and melodic music style. At the age of 29, he has produced six full albums and will soon be releasing his seventh. Beck has become an inspirational icon among rising musicians and has defied the classification system of musical genres. Much disagreement has arisen over what kind of music it is that Beck performs, but the resistance to classification is what makes it unique. He merges coinciding genres, such as psychedelic hip-hop, folk, rap, and country, to define his own genre. Beck's dynamic music adjusts to the latest musical trends and builds off of talent from past generations. Like a catfish feeding on the bottom of a lake, Beck's music feeds off of the styles of other successful musician, such as Bob Dylan and The Beastie Boys. However, this does not mean that Beck is a copycat artist. It means that his music is based on a collaboration of the sounds of the world, and this makes his music very diversified. Beck is one of the most original musicians of all time, and to classify him as anything but a genius would be even more absurd than Beck himself. He is always courting cultural disaster, and part of his genius is that he's always on the verge of making a complete ass of himself(Rotundi). Beck Hansen was born in 1970 in Los Angeles . Twenty-nine years later he has become one of the most revered musicians of the '90s. The harsh street life of Los Angeles made Beck realize the importance of what most people take for granted, such as the voluptuous emotions we feel regardless of our social status. In the song, Lord only knows, from the album, O'Delay, Beck expresses his view of how life should be lived, appreciatively. The beginning of the song reads: You only got one finger left And it's pointing at the door And you're taking for granted What the Lords laid on the floor Beck's family was very supportive of him while he explored his musical talent during his teen years. They provided him with a free spirited, semi-bohemian environment that promoted an artistic and creative lifestyle (Hindin). His mother, Bibbie Hansen, was in one of Andy Warhol's clique of Superstars when she was only 13, and spent her life as a musician and actress. Beck's father, David Campell, taught Beck a great deal about music. David Campell was a well-known street musician who wrote string arrangements for esteemed bands, including Aerosmith. Perhaps the most highly influential member of his family, however, was Al Hansen, Beck's grandfather. He was a postmodern artist who took part in the founding the FluXus movement, the most radical art movement of the 1960s (Hindin). In 1998, Beck and his grandfather worked together to create a visual art exhibit called Playing with Matches. This exhibit focused on artwork created from garbage, such as cigarette-butt sculptures and Hershey wrapper collages. Working with junk is Beck's greatest talent. Beck can be seen as an Alchemist who transforms junk into art, or as he says in the song, We live

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Essay Example

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Essay Word count – 2553 Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 1 of 9 Introduction This essay aims to describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self defeating behaviour. To do this I am using the description of Anorexia Nervosa as a self defeating behaviour, one which has far reaching consequences. I will include possible origins, causes and maintenance of Anorexia and describe two of many ways in which a therapist may help with this condition whilst weighing up the strengths and weaknesses of each. Main essay What is self defeating behaviour? Self defeating behaviour could be described as behaviour that when compared to other possible courses of action, it is never the best possible action for that individual. A self defeating behaviour will at some point have been used successfully as a coping strategy to get through a difficult situation. This course of action is then stored in the subconscious by that individual as something that ‘worked’ and therefore the behaviour will be re-produced again in times of perceived trouble. The self defeating behaviour will by its very nature actually serve to ensure that the fear or consequence that the person is trying to avoid will in fact come to pass. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is an eating disorder whose main feature is excessive weight loss and obsessive exercise. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A very low weight is achieved which is then maintained abnormally low for the patients age and height. The sufferer develops an intense desire to be thinner and an intense fear of becoming fat. Their body image becomes completely distorted and their body weight and shape become the main or even sole measure of self worth as maintaining an extremely low weight becomes equated with beauty, success, self-esteem, and self-control. It is not seen as a problem by the sufferer. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 2 of 9 Contrary to popular belief this psychological and physical condition is not usually about food. It is a self defeating behaviour used as a way of taking control and trying to make life better and is accompanied by a variety of changes in behaviour, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. The name Anorexia nervosa is somewhat misleading as it literally means nervous loss of appetite. However, for people with this disorder all waking thoughts are dominated by food, weight, and body image and incredible levels of self control are used to fight feelings of intense hunger. http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most often teenage girls. Higher incidence of anorexia is often seen in environments where thinness is deemed to be especially desirable or a professional requirement, such as athletes, models, dancers, and actors. In order to enter the state of Anorexia Nervosa, a person must lose weigh t. The majority set out to do so deliberately because rightly or wrongly they feel that they are too fat. For most people, dieting to lose weight is a struggle. Most dieters cheat or give up before they lose all the weight which they had intended to shed and for those who do reach their intended weight there is a measure of satisfaction and re-education of eating habits which allow them to maintain a healthy weight. In contrast, the soon to be anorexic finds slimming easy, rewarding and something they can be good at from the start, something they can control which brings feelings of success, power and triumph. The sense of satisfaction gained from the suppression of hunger and the level of self denial required to be successful is frequently reported by anorexic sufferers to be very empowering and so here we see how effective this behaviour may be viewed by the sufferer as a coping strategy. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My own experience of this condition was one that arose when my best friend died at the age of 17. I knew for many months prior to her death that death would almost certainly be the outcome of her condition. I felt ‘out of control’ there was nothing I could do to change the course of events. The one thing I could control however was what went into my mouth. This gave me a comforting sense of taking control of something. Something I turned out to be good at, something I could focus on to make all the other uncontrollable feelings subside. Once these feelings arise, a fear of losing control prevents the sufferer from resuming normal eating habits. Their experience is dominated by these feel good feelings of control and power but it is perceived by the sufferer to be precarious and vulnerable and therefore threatened by any behaviour that may cause unwanted weight gain. The sufferers preoccupation with maintaining this new postition begins to distort all other interests, concerns and relationships. In some cases the current position is never enough and weight loss progresses until it becomes life threatening. In most cases it seems that the anorexic starts out with similar behaviour and similar intention to the ordinary slimmer but something goes wrong and the slimming behaviour is inappropriately prolonged (My own experience). Ironically, while Anorexia starts out as a feeling of taking control, it rapidly descends into a fear of losing the control the sufferer perceives themselves to have taken. All the while the condition is actually controlling the sufferer. While the media definitely plays a role in how we view ourselves, anorexia is a way of coping with what’s going on in a teen’s life. Stress, pain, anger, acceptance, confusion and fear can all become triggers for this debilitating eating disorder. The goal is one of trying to make their whole life better. Families can play a huge role. Some families are over protective and smothering which can create a need or rather a demand for independence. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9 Some families are critical of weight gain, academic or sporting accomplishments or are rigid and even abusive. Some younger people do not feel safe in their own homes, they don’t know where to turn or what to do and the need to find a way to deal with what’s going on in their lives. Life transitions such as a break up, a divorce, death of a loved one, failure at school or at work are all stressful incidents that need to be dealt with. Genetic factors can also play its part in contributing anorexia in teenage girls occurs eight times more often in people who have relatives with the disorder. Anorexia – a guide to sufferers and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was grossly overweight at the time of my condition and I viewed her as someone who was completely out of control with no respect for herself. This was a very negative view, one which I could not see in myself at the other end of the spectrum! Effects on families and friends For parents and oth ers who are close to a person who is trapped inside the condition of anorexia, there can seem like there is no escape. It is difficult for them to understand and empathise with self destructive behaviours. It becomes extrememly distressing to see a loved one wasting away whilst refusing offers of food which seem such a tantalisingly simple solution to the problem. Feelings of helplesness and guilt set in, along with frustration, anger and despair. (Quote from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about criticising my ‘ridiculous behaviour’ in a bid to scare me into eating this only served to make me more determined to empower myself with what had turned from self defeating behaviour into self destructive behaviour and ultimately formed a self defeating behaviour in my Mother. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9 Treatment The idea of being ‘cured’ of Anorexia by the sufferer is usually completely undesirable because what that ‘cure’ implies is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are trying to avoid! Therefore, Anorexia has to be acknowledged as a problem by the sufferer before effective treatment can take place. Traditionaly the disorder is treated with a combination of individual psychotherapy and family therapy to look beyond the basic issue of food intake and address the emotional issues that underpin the disorder using a psychodynamic approach. Important ethical considerations It is important for therapists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, although starts out as a self defeating behaviour, it’s consequences lead to many serious medical conditions which can range from malnutrition, loss of concentration and loss of periods to total organ failure and death. Therefore a therapist should never aim to treat the condition alone, but any psychological intervention to treat the underlying causes should take place alongside appropriate medical care. Any therapists working with an anorexic client would always need written medical consent and specialist supervision and should be experienced in this field of work. However, members of the sufferers family and close friends may also benefit from therapy to address any stress, anxiety and guilt surrounding the issue and in the absence of any other contraindications, medical consent for this group would not be necessary. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will view the clients behaviour as being derived from some internal conflict, motive or unconscious force. Once it is discovered where this conflict began the therapist can set about working through those issues to a resolution. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 6 of 9 Generally, it is believed that if behaviours are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then a relapse will occur. During my battle with Anorexia, I was hospitalised and fed to increase my body weight. I ate willingly and was quickly considered cured and discharged from the hospital. However, I had deliberately manipulated the situation with the view that the sooner I could ‘escape’ the quicker I could get back on with the job. Taking control, to bring back the feel good feelings and the sense of empowerment that meant even more to me after having been ‘overpowered’ in the hospital. Clearly this treatment was very ineffective. Later I sought help through a therapist who, using a psychodynamic approach, was able to take me back through the death of my friend and deal with the grief in an appropriate way. This eventually helped me to let go of controlling my food intake as a way of dealing with these suppressed emotions. Behavioural symptoms in the psychodynamic approach are viewed as expressions of the patients underlying needs. Often issues can disappear or lie dormant with the completion of working through these issues. However, a psychodynamic approach to anorexia is not all encompassing. During the recovery process, anorexics will frequently suffer from feelings of panic as they learn to lessen their control. As weight is gained, they will feel anxious much of the time and suffer from low self esteem or perhaps even feel that they are a bad person and have to become a people pleaser to make up for it. Anorexics are very often perfectionists and can be very harsh on themselves. All these things combined can make the process of recovery a very stressful, anxious and self deprecating experience (My own experience). A cognitive behavioural therapy approach may best meet the needs of a client feeling this way. Anorexics are often not fully aware of the initial cause of the condition and therapy may be a way to Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 7 of 9 lift the lid off of buried emotions to enable sufferers to deal with their underlying emotions. During the grip of the disorder the over-riding emotion felt is fear and this fear over rides the bodys natural wisdom around food and eating, the sufferer distrusts themselves and fears that their secret greedy self may emerge and they will lose control completely. The sufferer will hate their secret greedy self and cognitive behavioural therapy would be a valuable tool in rebuilding self trust, improving self esteem, and overcoming fear and anxiety that arises through the process of recovery. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a time-limited and focused approach that helps a person understand how their thinking and negative self-talk and self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT usually focuses on identifying and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, attitudes and beliefs that may perpetuate the sufferers restrictive eating. A researcher in the early 1980’s by the name of Chris Fairburn developed a specific model of CBT to help in the treatment of Anorexia, using the traditional foundations of CBT therapy – helping a person understand, identify and change their irrational thoughts (the ‘cognitive’ part) and helping a person make the changes real through specific behavioural interventions such as promoting healthy eating behaviours through rewards. (http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Strengths and weaknesses It is clear to see that both approaches are somewhat lacking and a multi-model approach should be taken to ensure success. The psychodynamic model will uncover the initial cause of the behaviour and addressing these issues will go a long way toward a successful outcome. However, it does not address the subsequent negative thought processes that keep the sufferer a prisoner within the condition. This is something that a CBT approach can successfully address but a CBT approach could fail to prevent a relapse if the underlying reasons for the negative self talk are not uncovered. Both treatments together will hold more strength in long term success, but neither seeks to address nutritional issues, food related symptoms or deep seated behavioural rituals of the eating disorder. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 8 of 9 Summary Anorexia although initially can be viewed as a self defeating behaviour, is a complicated and mulit-faceted field and I would expect a consistent and long course of therapy that may focus on a psychodynamic approach alongside person centred counselling, alongside cognitive behavioural therapy, alongside appropriate medical intervention. Hypnotherapy may also be used to improve self esteem, reduce stress and anxiety, coping with panic and confidence building to help the sufferer relax levels of control and resume a more healthy relationship with themselves. As the anorexic begins to regain trust in themselves and their body, they can begin to feel back in control of their emotions and thoughts, thus lessening their levels of anxiety and helping toward a successful recovery. Ultimately, the pace of therapy has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before any type of therapy can begin. References: I personally suffered from this disorder from the ages of 17-21 and some of the information used has been based on my own experiences and that of my Parents. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module 5) R. L Palmer – Anorexia Nervosa. A guide for sufferers and their families. Penguin Books 1980 (http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 9 of 9 any type of therapy can begin. has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before

Free Essays on Propaganda and Its Uses By Countries

Propaganda and Its Uses By Countries, Especially During War In order to gain the support of the public, countries use propaganda. During the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein and George Bush used propaganda to gain the support of their respective public. Propaganda was everywhere. It was on the radio and television and it brought the war into millions of homes. Propaganda was a vital part of the Gulf War because it provided the US and Iraq with the support of their public. Propaganda is always geared towards the populace claiming that the other country is the oppressor. The truth is often stretched or even fabricated to garner a public outcry for justice. The real truth, however, is very difficult to distinguish from fiction. The blame is often pushed to towards the other country. Iraq claimed that they were the victims and that the United States was the aggressor. Hussein declared that they had been victimized by Kuwait. According to Iraq, they had to pay back money that they did not have and Kuwait was responsible for the cutback on healthcare and other vital services. Since Kuwait voted against raising the price of oil, Iraq was unable to receive any revenue. It was because of this that Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United States claimed that Iraq was the aggressor. In the American media, Iraqi tanks were shown to enter a defenseless Kuwait amidst destroyed buildings. The American public was convinced that their troops were only there to protect and that Iraq was harassing Kuwait. Iraq quickly retaliated with their own propaganda. Hussein showed footage of the damage that the US had supposedly inflicted on innocent people. Images of a bombed milk factory and a starving child provided the Iraqi public with enough â€Å"evidence† to accuse the US of being a ruthless military power. The main targets of propaganda were those that were presumed most innocent: women and children. When women and children are killed, it... Free Essays on Propaganda and Its Uses By Countries Free Essays on Propaganda and Its Uses By Countries Propaganda and Its Uses By Countries, Especially During War In order to gain the support of the public, countries use propaganda. During the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein and George Bush used propaganda to gain the support of their respective public. Propaganda was everywhere. It was on the radio and television and it brought the war into millions of homes. Propaganda was a vital part of the Gulf War because it provided the US and Iraq with the support of their public. Propaganda is always geared towards the populace claiming that the other country is the oppressor. The truth is often stretched or even fabricated to garner a public outcry for justice. The real truth, however, is very difficult to distinguish from fiction. The blame is often pushed to towards the other country. Iraq claimed that they were the victims and that the United States was the aggressor. Hussein declared that they had been victimized by Kuwait. According to Iraq, they had to pay back money that they did not have and Kuwait was responsible for the cutback on healthcare and other vital services. Since Kuwait voted against raising the price of oil, Iraq was unable to receive any revenue. It was because of this that Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United States claimed that Iraq was the aggressor. In the American media, Iraqi tanks were shown to enter a defenseless Kuwait amidst destroyed buildings. The American public was convinced that their troops were only there to protect and that Iraq was harassing Kuwait. Iraq quickly retaliated with their own propaganda. Hussein showed footage of the damage that the US had supposedly inflicted on innocent people. Images of a bombed milk factory and a starving child provided the Iraqi public with enough â€Å"evidence† to accuse the US of being a ruthless military power. The main targets of propaganda were those that were presumed most innocent: women and children. When women and children are killed, it...

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Computer Security - Essay Example In this research a proposal of an offensive defense comprising of a corporate partnership with successful cyber defense software companies to provide a united front against malware is of the highest preference. The initial capital investment of free anti-virus software to users would be offset in time by added security and stability. The key to which is integration of the social subsystem in order to execute such a strategy. Computer users’ basic lack of knowledge on the dangers that lie within the network system, such as the use of weak passwords or just trusting any e-mails sent to their mailboxes actually makes it easier for hackers to gain access to the vulnerable computers over the networked systems. Presently, the web is a host of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, making unsecured computer devices or computers that their protective software are not up-to-date easier to pull down through introduction of malwares into the systems. Solutions there in are to ensure safe and sec ured system administration. Situation Analysis This project rolls out several ambitious although critical objectives that are directed towards: laying out the central concepts for the current situations in regards to computer security of the stand alone or interconnected devices; to come up with the best definitions that covers the logic encompassed by insecurity consequences over the unprotected computer systems; and the subsequent establishment of a set of foundations that the thereafter work can be build upon. Organizations and individuals whose operations extensively dependent on the use of computers and their services do describe their needs for information security under major concepts of integrity, secrecy, availability and accountability of their required information. Therefore, every computer user has to make prompt decisions on what security as a measure means to him/ her. It is from this description of the user’s needs for security with his/ her personal computer o f organizations’ computers that security policies are established; and hence, a system that effectively meets those needs is termed as a secure system (Venkatesh, V. et al., 2003, pp. 425-478.). In computer security, it is important take note that technology in never enough for a trusted system. Any business organization must ensure that its secure program takes into account other managerial controls, means of recovery from security breaches, and also full awareness and acceptance of people who are entrusted with the use of such devices (Weirich, D., and Sasse, M. A., 2001, pp. 137-143.). This idea of recognizing a person is brought about by the fact that security cannot be attained in an environment where people are not of full commitment in achieving a secure computer operation as a goal. Security continues to sap vital resources and manpower from the Information Technology (IT) departments. Rather than focusing on the efficiency of knowledge management, IT professionals ar e increasingly swamped with cyber security tasks. Profits from cyber-crime are shifting the threat from board teenagers to well financed professionals. A security survey analysis concluded that as break-ins morph from prank to business, profit-driven attackers